SELECT 
  category_id 
FROM 
  tmall_categories 
WHERE 
  id_path LIKE '166/175/%'

Query time 0.00766

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost": 0.010253767,
    "nested_loop": [
      {
        "table": {
          "table_name": "tmall_categories",
          "access_type": "range",
          "possible_keys": ["id_path"],
          "key": "id_path",
          "key_length": "767",
          "used_key_parts": ["id_path"],
          "loops": 1,
          "rows": 7,
          "cost": 0.010253767,
          "filtered": 100,
          "index_condition": "tmall_categories.id_path like '166/175/%'"
        }
      }
    ]
  }
}